The earliest recorded cases of what was likely highpathogenicity aiv in poultry were reported in italy in the 1870s. Avian influenza a h5n1 viruses are entrenched among poultry in parts of asia and africa and continue to cause disease with high mortality in humans. Collecting, preserving and shipping specimens for the diagnosis of avian influenza ah5n1 virus infection guide for field operations october 2006 4 1. Aug 26, 2014 avian influenza controls are enforced by local authorities. Avian influenza viruses can survive indefinitely when frozen. There is flu for birds just as there is for humans and, as with people, some forms of the flu in birds are worse than others. Hpai is a fatal form of avian influenza that can spread rapidly in flocks, causing high mortalities. An avian influenza h5n1 virus is first isolated from a farmed goose in china. Specificity, kinetics and longevity of antibody responses to avian influenza a h7n9 virus infection in humans. There have been four influenza pandemics since the early 20 th century, and each has been caused by the emergence of a novel virus. Though influenza a is adapted to birds, it can also stably adapt and sustain persontoperson transmission. Avian influenza viruses are inactivated by heat and drying and also these viruses are very sensitive to most disinfectants and detergents. Ai is a highly contagious disease and some strains can cause high mortality in poultry.
The categories refer to molecular characteristics of a virus and the virus ability to cause disease and mortality in chickens in a laboratory setting cdcpdf 2. Evaluation of sprayed hypochlorous acid solutions for their. Genetic characterization of avian influenza ah5n6 virus. Avian influenza ai, commonly called bird flu, is a disease found in some populations of wild water fowl that can infect chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, ducks, geese and guinea fowl, as well as a wide variety of other domesticated and wild birds. The serotypes of influenza a virus are identified based on the hemagglutinin h and neuraminidase n proteins. Among the avian influenza viruses, the eurasianafrican h5n1 hpai viruses are unique in producing human infections and fatalities.
Summary pandemic influenza virus has its origins in avian influenza viruses. Electron micrographs and diagram of an avian influenza virus. Wild bird surveillance for avian influenza virus request pdf. It is a critical tool for tracking the movement of flu viruses globally. Avian influenza infection has been recognized in domestic poultry through the. Fluorescentmagneticcatalytic nanospheres for dualmodality.
Pdf pandemic influenza virus has its origins in avian influenza viruses. Human infections have occurred, usually as isolated, rare, individual cases. This table includes disinfectant products that the national pesticide information retrieval system npirs 1. The focus here is on the response to bird flu information in italy as news about highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza hpai h5n1 unfolded in the period october 2004 through. In most cases it causes no signs of infection or only minor symptoms in birds. Avian pathology the onset of virus shedding and clinical signs in chickens infected with highpathogenicity and lowpathogenicity avian influenza viruses download pdf 364. Feb 2003 two human cases of avian influenza h5n1 infection one fatal are confirmed in a hong kong family with a recent travel history to fujian province, china. In the late 1990s, a new strain of bird flu arose that was remarkable for its ability to cause severe disease and death, especially in domesticated birds such as ducks, chickens, or turkeys. In domestic poultry, ai viruses are typically of low pathogenicity lp, causing subclinical infections, respiratory disease, or drops in egg production, but a few ai viruses are highly pathogenic hp, causing severe systemic disease with multiple organ failure and high mortality. Interim who surveillance recommendations for human infection with avian influenza ah7n9 virus pdf, 118kb 10 may 20 technical guidance vaccine. Penalties for offences breach of controls is an offence, with an unlimited fine on summary conviction and up to 3 months imprisonment. Avian influenza ai is an infectious disease of birds caused by type a strain of the influenza virus.
Fifteen low pathogenic avian influenza lpai outbreaks were reported in. It draws together some current facts and figures, evidence from the past, and some bestguess speculations useful in assessing the present. Update on avian influenza a h5n1 virus infection in. It was caused by an h1n1 virus with genes of avian origin. Collecting, preserving and shipping specimens for the. Selfobservation instructions for demobilizing bird flu. Avian influenza a viruses are highly speciesspecific but have infected other mammals and, on rare occasions, have crossed the species barrier to infect humans. Transmission to humans has occurred when people have had close contact with infected birds or heavily contaminated environments.
The area to be disinfected must be clear of organic material, which greatly increases the resistance of avian influenza virus resistance to disinfection. Also, 2 avian influenza viruses that are related to viruses known to cause severe. The first h9n2 lowpathogenicity avian influenza virus lpaiv and h5n1 highpathogenicity. A highly pathogenic avian influenza a h5n1 virus has crossed the species barrier to cause deaths in humans in asia and poses an increasing threat of a pandemic. It continues to cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals, often with fatal outcomes. We isolated highly pathogenic avian influenza ah5n6 virus clade 2. Epidemiology, evolution, and recent outbreaks of avian influenza.
Who guidelines for investigation of human cases of avian influenza. Bird flu avian influenza is a disease caused by strains of influenza virus that primarily affects birds. Avian influenza ai, often called bird flu, is caused by the type a influenza virus. The effects of avian influenza news on consumer purchasing. Timely identification of pandemic influenza threats depends on monitoring for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. More than a dozen types of bird flu have been identified, including the two strains that have most recently infected humans h5n1 and h7n9. Influenza viruses that infect birds, such as the h5n1 virus, are called avian influenza viruses. The avian virus is inactivated more quickly in manure, but can survive for up to 2 weeks in feces on cages.
For those looking for a single, exhaustive reference to help educate or train individuals in dealing with avian influenza, this will be money well spent. In 2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza ah5n8 virus was detected in poultry in the democratic republic of the congo. Avian influenza virus an overview sciencedirect topics. The outbreak of h9n2 avian influenza virus h9n2 aiv brings high mortality and huge economic losses every year. The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 is already panzootic in poultry, with attendant economic consequences. Avian influenza viruses exhibit host adaptation to birds. In the united states, it was first identified in military personnel in spring 1918.
It continues to cross species barriers to infect humans and other. Although there is not universal consensus regarding where the virus originated, it spread worldwide during 19181919. Avian influenza virus avi this information is published for commissary patrons who want to know more about the avian influenza virus. Evaluation of sprayed hypochlorous acid solutions for.
Lpai, or low path avian influenza, naturally occurs in wild birds and can spread to domestic birds. Sensitive and reliable detection methods are essential to timely diagnosis and treatment. Mar 04, 2008 for those looking for a single, exhaustive reference to help educate or train individuals in dealing with avian influenza, this will be money well spent. Emergence of avian influenza a h7n9 virus causing severe human illness may 10, 20 testing recommendations for possible h7n9 infection in us jan 24, 2014 department of health and human services hhs hong kong centre for health protection chp avian influenza page. In poultry, avian influenza viruses aivs are classified according to the. Emergence of this virus in central africa represents a threat for animal health and food security.
Human infections with avian influenza h5n1 are reported in hong kong. Ambient influenza and avian influenza virus during dust storm. Herein, a dualmodality immunoassay is proposed for h9n2 aiv detection by employing fluorescentmagneticcatalytic nanospheres fmcns as labels and alkaline phosphatase alpinduced. Avian influenza viruses can be broadly classified into two types, based on the severity of the illness caused. The latter are composed of key genes from the 1918 virus, updated by subsequentlyincorporated avian influenza genes that code for novel surface proteins, making the 1918 virus indeed the mother of all pandemics.
Avian influenza ai is a viral infection of domestic poultry, and pet, zoo, and wild birds. However, this possibility combined with the increasing resistance of the h5n1 ai virus to currently available antiviral treatment and lack of complete vaccination effectiveness make this a critical human health risk. Hocl solutions containing 50, 100 and 200 ppm chlorine ph 6 or their sprayed solutions harvested in dishes placed at 1 or 30 cm distance between the spray nozzle and dish were mixed with the virus with or without organic materials 5% fetal bovine serum. Avian influenza controls are enforced by local authorities. Clinical presentation of avian influenza in humans may range from flulike symptoms e. Avian influenza virus can survive for 100 days in distilled water at room temperature, and 200 days at 17 c 63 f.
Bird flu avian influenza symptoms and causes mayo clinic. Avian influenza viruses are the original source of all human influenza a virus genes. The h5n1 virus is also isolated from tigers and leopards in thailand. Bird flu is caused by a type of influenza virus that rarely infects humans. Respiratory protection and avian influenza viruses. Respiratory protection and avian influenza viruses frequently. A modeling study of human infections with avian influenza a h7n9 virus in mainland china. Influenza a virus highly pathogenic avian influenzah5n1 aabb. Avian influenza viruses, such as the highly pathogenic h5n1 virus present in asia, can, on rare occasions, cause disease in humans. Mar 21, 2019 avian influenza refers to the disease caused by infection with avian bird influenza flu type a viruses. Jan 08, 2020 avian influenza initial case investigation form pdf, 175 kb the form should be completed for any person under monitoring pum for avian influenza who develops symptoms. Avian influenza weekly update number 740 human infection with.
Avian influenza viruses of particular public health concern include 1 those viruses which are known to have caused severe disease in humans, such as highlypathogenic avian influenza hpai ah5n1 virus and lowpathogenic avian influenza lpai ah7n9 virus. In avian influenza virus, an expert team of researchers and diagnosticians examine the fundamental yet essential virological methods for ai virus research and diagnostics as well as some of the newest molecular procedures currently used for basic and applied research. It includes frequently asked questions and links to web sites. In birds, avian influenza is spread by direct contact with the fecal droppings or respiratory secretions of infected birds. Who recommendation on influenza ah7n9 vaccine virus pdf. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai viruses can develop from. Avian influenza usually does not make wild birds sick, but can cause serious illness and death in poultry footnote 10. A brief introduction to avian influenza virus springerlink. Therefore, h5n1 virus has rightly received attention as a potential pandemic threat. The risk of zoonotic transmission of avian influenza ai viruses to the general. Protocol for laboratory testing of symptomatic responders who participated in an avian influenza outbreak response pdf, 759 kb.
General provisions 1 for the purposes of the terrestrial code, avian influenza is defined as an infection of poultry caused by any influenza a virus of the h5 or h7 subtypes or by any influenza a virus with an intravenous pathogenicity index. Quantitative risk assessment of avian influenza virus infection via water. Avian influenza initial case investigation form pdf, 175 kb the form should be completed for any person under monitoring pum for avian influenza who develops symptoms. The virus has high homology to human h5n6 influenza strains isolated from southeast china. Fact sheet avian influenza canadian food inspection agency. These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. Influenza infections in birds are divided in two groups on the basis of their. Nov 04, 2011 avian influenza ai is an infectious disease of birds caused by type a strain of the influenza virus. Information on avian influenza avian influenza flu. The virus can live for a long time in the environment and can also be spread by objects or fomites e. J infect 2020 published online jan 16 ge y, chi y, min x, et al. The 1918 influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in recent history. Introduction highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai caused by the ah5n1 influenza subtype in animal.
Who recommendation on influenza ah7n9 vaccine virus pdf, 124kb 26 september 20. This virus can affect several species of foodproducing birds chickens, turkeys, quails, guinea fowl, etc. Avian influenza is caused by influenza a virus, which has 8 rna segments. In the 1957 and 1968 pandemics, the new viruses contained components of previous human, as well as avian, influenza viruses. The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 is already panzootic. Highly pathogenic avian influenza found in mississippi flyway and central flyway migratory bird pathways during the first week of march 2015, highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai h5n2 was detected in a commercial turkey flock in pope county, minnesota.
Flunet, a webbased flu surveillance tool, is launched by who. Altogether, 18 cases 6 fatal are reported in the first known instance of human infection with this virus. Avian influenza 3 and that will spread readily from person to person is unknown. Avian influenza refers to the disease caused by infection with avian bird influenza flu type a viruses. Avian influenza ai, caused by the influenza virus typea, can affect several species of food producing birds.
Ambient influenza and avian influenza virus during dust. The first human infection with an avian influenza a h5n1 virus is identified in hong kong. Journal of the american veterinary medical association, march 2009 david swaynes book avian influenza is both timely and important. Rivm rapport 703719012 quantitative risk analysis of avian. Between 1 and 7 may 2020, no new cases of human infection with avian influenza ah5n1 virus were reported to who in the western pacific. When bird flu does strike humans, it can be deadly. Avian influenza, for most purposes, refers to the influenza a virus. H5n1 virus is commonly detected in respiratory specimens during the first 2. Request pdf wild bird surveillance for avian influenza virus avian influenza ai viruses have been routinely isolated from a wide diversity of freeliving avian species, representing numerous. Molecular identification of avian influenza virus subtypes h5n1 and. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai a h5n1 virus originating in poultry and wild birds can be transmitted to humans, with rare cases of infection transmitted between humans. Avian influenza ai the bird fluis a virus that infects wild birds such as ducks, gulls, and shorebirds and domestic poultry such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. Using literature data, daily infection risks of chickens and humans with h5n1 avian. Avian influenza ai or bird flu is a highly contagious viral infection which can affect all species of birds and can manifest itself in different ways depending mainly on the ability of the virus to cause disease pathogenicity and on the species affected.
Most human cases have originated from infection with eurasian h5 hpai virus agooseguangdong lineage, and, most recently, h7n9 lpai virus chinese lineage. Wholegenome phylogeny showed the virus clustered with h5n8 clade 2. Outbreaks of bird flu have occurred in asia, africa, north america and. Nov 24, 2014 avian influenza virus aiv has been shown to persist in an infective state for a long time at different ph levels at ph 5, up to 18 hr, while at ph 7 to 9, more than 24 hr and on various surfaces and surface water 3, 23. However, sporadic human infections with avian flu viruses. Avian influenza and the h5n1 virus food and agriculture. The alert response level under the governments preparedness plan for influenza pandemic is activated avian influenza is caused by those influenza viruses that mainly affect birds and poultry, such as chickens or ducks. There is no evidence to suggest that the consumption. Avian influenza is a potential and unpredictable threat to humans because of the segmented nature of the genome. Avian influenza viruses do not usually infect humans. Exciting, cuttingedge new methods focus on studying the virus itself and. This was the first finding in the mississippi flyway and was found to match the strains of avian influenza that were found in. Many strains of avian influenza virus can cause varying degrees of disease in domestic poultry. Avian influenza a viruses are classified into the following two categories.
Guidelines for avian influenza viruses select agent. The diversity of avian influenza virus subtypes in live poultry markets before and during the second wave of ah7n9 infections in hangzhou, china. Influenza historic timeline pandemic influenza flu cdc. Hypochlorous acid hocl solutions were evaluated for their virucidal ability against a low pathogenic avian influenza virus aiv, h7n1. Avian influenza ai is an infectious disease of birds caused by type a strains of the influenza virus. Fact sheet avian influenza what is avian influenza. Some ai viruses are also known to infect a variety of mammals, including humans.
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